Equity Financing, Debt Financing, and Financial Performance in Islamic Banks

This research aims to determine the effect of bank size (SIZE), profitability (ROA), efficiency (EFF), non-performing finance (NPF), interest (INTR), and inflation (INFL) on profit and loss sharing (PLS) financing (equity financing), and sale-purchase (SP) financing (debt financing) Islamic banks in Indonesia. Furthermore, monthly Islamic bank data in June 2014 to July 2020 was used. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method was used to determine the short and long-term effects of the independent variables on the financing variable. The results showed that ROA and EFF have a positive effect on MRF but ROA and EFF have a negative effect on MDA and MSF. NPF has a positive effect on MDF, but has a negative effect on MRF. Meanwhile, SIZE has a negative effect on MDF, MDA, MRF, and MRA. The INTR has a negative effect on MDA, MRF, and MRA. The implication of this research is that financial performance has more influence on debt financing compared to equity financing of Islamic banks in Indonesia.


INTRODUCTION
Islamic banks mobilize funds through mudharaba products that use the profit and loss sharing (PLS) principle and wadiah products that use the deposit principle. It enables investment managers to utilize public funds for allocation to potential sources of income (Ariffin, Kassim, & Razak, 2015). The income of Islamic banks comes from financing products that apply PLS principle, namely mudharabah and musharaka, including financing products that use the principle of sale and purchase (SP), such as murabaha, salam, and istishna, as well as ijarah products which involve leasing (Zulkhibri, 2018).
Several Islamic banks have a larger portion of financing based on the principle of SP compared to PLS and leasing (Abedifar, Molyneux, & Tarazi, 2013;Miah & Suzuki, 2020).
Compared to musharaka and mudaraba, the large proportion of murabaha financing products is due to the principle of SP which provides more certainty of return and can minimize moral hazard (Aggarwal & Yousef, 2000;Alam & Parinduri, 2017). Furthermore, Islamic bank managers tend to select murabaha products because banks can predict long-term financing profits. The projection of future profits is required by the bank to determine policies for the optimal financing portion for each product.
According to Dusuki and Abdullah (2007), equity is an ideal financing model in Islamic banks. Equity financing will provide solutions to improve economic justice following maqasid sharia and consists of musharaka and mudhrarabah (Asutay, 2007). Musharaka is a contract between the bank as the owner of the funds and the depositor, where the bank and the partner issue funds for use by the customer and/or a third party who manages the business fund.
PLS is based on a profit sharing ratio agreed upon at the time of the contract between the bank, customer, and/or manager (Ariffin et al., 2015). Meanwhile, mudharabah is a contract between the bank and the customer, in which the bank as the owner of the funds, finances the customer to run a business.
Murabaha is a debt financing, where the bank owns the funds and the customer is the user (Obaidullah, 2008). Customers apply for mudharabah financing to purchase consumptive goods such as motorbikes, cars, or houses. The bank finds the distributor of the goods needed through the customer and then pays by cash. Afterwards, the distributor sends the goods to the customer. The customer then pays to the bank in installments (Wulandari, Putri, Kassim, & Sulung, 2016). Murabaha financing obtains a larger portion than others due to the risk of asymmetric information (Aggarwal & Yousef, 2000;Chong & Liu, 2009;Hamza & Saadaoui, 2013). Meanwhile, ijarah is a lease contract between the bank as the owner of the goods, and the customer (Fianto, Gan, Hu, & Roudaki, 2018). In its development, banks do not only provide goods as objects for rent but also in form of services to customers, such as education fees and travel expenses.
Bank size becomes the basis for directors to allocate funds to sources of productive income (Cihak & Hesse, 2010). Bank assets are not solely used for distribution in form of financing but also through derivatives, acceptance receivables, equity participation, administrative account transactions, and other fund providers. This situation makes the use of assets not only used to be allocated for financing but also distributed to several sources of income (Sudarsono & Saputri, 2018). Meslier et al. (2020), stated that asset size does not affect equity financing as banks have more priority in debt financing. This means that bank size affects SP financing more than PLS because debt financing is more promising for definite profits.
Banks with a large size tend to channel more financing than small ones (Kashyap & Stein, 2000). Therefore, it is expected that bank size will have a positive effect on both equity and debt financing.
ROA is the basis for directors to allocate funds in several potential financing. The ROA obtained from one financing will be the basis for the directors to prioritize funds on that financing. In previous research, Risfandy et al. (2020) observed a negative relationship between ROA and equity financing. This occurred because production sharing tends to provide uncertain profits. Meanwhile, Meslier et al. (2020) found no relationship between ROA and revenue sharing in several Islamic countries. This result confirms that Islamic banks tend to prefer financing that has the potential to generate greater profits than selecting to finance potentially uncertain and risky results. Kim and Sohn (2017) stated that higher ROA tends to have a good balance sheet and allows banks to diversify their financing portfolios through the use of riskier financing. Therefore, it is expected that ROA has a positive effect on equity and debt financing.
Efficiency shows the bank's ability to take advantage of the income earned to generate maximum profit (Sudarsono, 2017). Higher efficiency tends to affect bank management to increase financing (Al-Gasaymeh, 2016; Mokhtar et al., 2008;Risfandy et al., 2020). Islamic banks increase efficiency by making maximum use of technology and employees. However, not all banks have sufficient funds to provide modern technology and professional employees (Al-Ajlouni & Al-Hakim, 2018). Therefore, banks with large assets tend to be more efficient because they have many opportunities to take advantage of production inputs to generate profits (Kassim & Majid, 2010;Srairi, 2013). Therefore, it can be assumed that efficiency has a positive effect on both equity and debt financing. Chiang (2019) implied that the risk of financing is a source of uncertainty in the banking system. Abedifar et al. (2013) stated that the risk management of conventional banks is better than Islamic banks, as the financing system is different from conventional banks. Equity financing in Islamic banks has the potential for a higher risk of financing compared to debt financing or credit at conventional banks. The character of equity financing tends to present moral hazards due to the relatively higher level of asymmetric information compared to debt financing (Alsyahrin, Atahau, & Robiyanto, 2018;Diallo et al., 2015). Furthermore, it is expected that the NPF will negatively affect both equity and debt financing.
The INTR is expected to have a negative relationship with financing because customers tend to shift financing from the conventional to Islamic banks when interest rates increase. However, Aysan et al. (2018), Chong and Liu, (2009), Ergeç and Arslan (2013) also Kasri and Azzahra, (2020) found that the interest rate does not affect financing. Islamic banks follow the interest rate, therefore, the increase in the interest rate is followed by increasing margins and the average PLS in Islamic banks (Seho et al., 2020). Meanwhile, high inflation causes people's ability to buy goods and services to decrease, and production to decline (Nursyamsiah, 2018). This situation makes companies tend to reduce or cancel financing (Adebola & Yusoff, 2011). Therefore, it is expected that inflation will have a negative effect on both equity and debt financing.
Research on the effect of the financial performance of Islamic banks in Indonesia on both equity and debt financing has been carried out such as by Meslier et al., (2020) and Risfandy et al., (2020). However, previous research rarely examines the financial performance of Islamic banks on equity and debt financing in the same period. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the difference in the effect of financial performance in Islamic banks on both equity and debt financing in the same period.

METHOD
This research conducted from June 2014 to July 2020 in 12 Islamic banks in Indonesia.
The dependent variable data reports consisting of mudharabah, musharaka, and murabaha financing was obtained from the Financial Services Authority (OJK, 2021). Furthermore, bank-specific dependent variables such as SIZE, ROA, and NPF were derived from the OJK report in July 2020. Macroeconomic variables such as INTR and inflation rate (INFL) were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS, 2021).
The dependent variable uses the formula performed by Meslier et al. (2020).
Specifically, this dependent variable was equity financing which consists of the ratio of mudharabah to total financing (MDF), financing to total assets (MDA), musyarakah to total financing (MSF), and musyarakah to total assets (MSA). Debt financing consisted of a ratio between murabaha with total financing (MRF) and mudharabah financing to total assets  Sufian andMajid, (2009), andZulkhibri, (2018). The specific variable of Islamic banks consists of the size of the bank (SIZE), calculated from the natural logarithm of 1% of the total productive assets of Islamic banks. The high size showed that the bank can mobilize external funds to generate profits through financing (Alandejani, Kutan, & Samargandi, 2017). Meanwhile, ROA is the ratio of return to total assets. It is used to measure the ability of assets to generate profits in a certain period. High ROA shows that banks can optimize financing to generate profits (Meslier et al., 2020).
The efficiency of Islamic banks (EFF) is calculated from the ratio of operational financing to operating income (Efthyvoulou & Yildirim, 2014). EFF is interpreted as an indicator to determine the extent to which Islamic banks can utilize their income to perform bank operational activities (Sudarsono, 2017). If the EFF value is low, this signifies that the bank does not optimize bank activities. If the EFF is very high, then the bank is not able to manage its revenue financing properly (Meslier et al., 2020). Meanwhile, non-performing financing (NPF) is the ratio between non-performing financing to total financing. The higher the NPF, the lower the chance for Islamic banks to make profits from financing (Diallo et al., 2015).
Due to the INTR being a macroeconomic variable, an increase in interest increases the competitiveness of Islamic bank financing against credit in conventional banks. Meanwhile, the INF or the percentage level of the general price will increase at a certain period (Seho et al., 2020). High inflation will reduce the ability of customers to consume, thereby causing financing to decline (Amelia & Hardini, 2017;Meslier et al., 2020).
The ARDL estimation method is a dynamic regression model to analyze the effect of Islamic bank financial performance on equity and debt financing. The ARDL regression method begins with testing stationary data to determine whether the data shows an equilibrium or disequilibrium condition. The stationary data was based on the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philip Perron (PP) statistical values obtained from the t count and the Mackinnon critical value. When the ADF (PP) is greater than the critical Mackinnon value, the data used in the model is stationary. The ARDL model equations for the musharaka, mudharabah, and murabaha financing equations are as follows: is the first different operator, is the drift component, and are the approximate coefficients, while is the white noise residue. The coefficients of the first to seven estimates with the sum sign and are related to the short and long-run relationships.
The Bound testing approach (Pesaran et al., 2001) (Pesaran et al., 2001). Furthermore, the ARDL version of the error correction modal (ECM) is modeled as follows:  Selection of the best ARDL model with the optimal lag combination in Islamic banks was carried out based on Akaike Info Criterion (AIC). Based on AIC selection, the best ARDL model for this research was ARDL (1,0,0,0,0,0,0) for MDF, (2,0,0,0,0,0,0) for MDS,   The subsequent evaluation was the cointegration test using the Bound testing approach. Table 4 presents the results where the calculated F value and the right side represent the critical F value at various levels of classification based on the F distribution developed by Pesaran et al. (2001). The critical value consists of the upper limit I (1) and the lower limit I (0).   Meanwhile, INTR at lag 1 to lag 3 had a positive effect on MR.  Meslier et al., (2020). In general, this result is at variance with Kashyap and Stein, (2000) which stated that a small SIZE tends to reduce financing.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Long-term ROA has a negative effect on MDS and MSF, but has a positive effect on MRF. Islamic banks pay more attention to ROA as a reference for increasing murabaha financing. Increasing ROA indicates an increase in the percentage of murabaha financing, as well as a decrease in both mudharabah and musharaka financing. Therefore, Islamic banks tend to be more conservative in channeling financing. On the other hand, the non-impact of ROA on MDF is in line with Meslier et al., (2020) which observed that ROA is not the main factor for Islamic bank management in determining the portion of the financing. This result is also different from Kim and Sohn, (2017) which stated that higher ROA will make Islamic banks more likely to diversify in riskier financing.
The level of efficiency calculated from the ratio of operational costs to income (EFF) has no effect on MDF, MSA, and MRA, but has a negative effect on MDA, MSF, and MRF.
Efficiency can be characterized by the bank's ability to utilize technology more efficiently through the use of more specialized staff (Al-Ajlouni & Al-Hakim, 2018). Bank size is one of the factors that affect the level of efficiency (Kassim & Majid, 2010). The negative relationship between efficiency and PLS, and buying and selling can be interpreted that those Islamic banks have been able to optimize the resources they have to generate maximum profits. This is marked by the increasing use of electronic transaction (e-banking) services, phone and internet banking, as well as using various types of credit cards, point of sales, electronic fund transfers, and clearing automation in Islamic banks. In addition, customers have relatively easy access, such as opening accounts, applying for loans online, no longer need to visit outlets or branch offices.
NPF is positively related to MDF and negatively related to MRA. The positive influence between NPF and MDF is in accordance with Alsyahrin et al., (2018). On the other hand, the negative effect of NPF on MRA is in accordance with Diallo et al., (2015) where the high financing value has the potential to increase the risk of financing. In the PLS system for mudharabah and musharaka financing, the bank earns an uncertain profit. If the customer generates high profits, the PLS obtained by the bank is also high. Although mudharabah financing always produces low profits, Islamic banks cannot remove this financing because Islamic banks are identical to PLS. Islamic banks tend to give a low portion of PLS financing to avoid the risks. The average portion of murabaha financing is 39.87% of the total, and this value is greater than the portion of mudharabah financing (9.68%) during the research period.
This necessitates a concern of NPF level in Islamic bank management while channeling murabaha financing.  Kassim and Majid (2010) and Nursyamsiah, (2018) which observed a negative relationship between inflation and financing. The increase in inflation is an indication of decreasing public purchasing power, which will reduce the level of company production. This situation will cause the company's demand for bank financing to decline.

CONCLUSION
Financial performance has more influence on debt than equity financing. This shows that a bank management pays more attention to their financial performance before carrying out debt financing. The nature of debt financing, which is based on certainty in determining the financing margin, enables the bank management to minimize bank uncertainty in the future.
Meanwhile, the financial performance of Islamic banks does not have much effect on bank management to channel financing in form of equity, because banks try to minimize losses obtained from income from products that use PLS contracts. Islamic banks are expected to prioritize equity financing as this is more accommodating to the customers' problems.
Customers do not always earn income in their business, and the profits obtained are not always the same in each period. Therefore, bank management needs to increase equity by increasing